Spotting References
Many syntax constructs in PHP are implemented via referencing mechanisms, so everything mentioned herein about reference binding also applies to these constructs. Some constructs, like passing and returning by reference, are mentioned above. Other constructs that use references are:
global References
When you declare a variable as global $var you are in fact creating reference to a global variable. That means, this is the same as:
<?php
$var =& $GLOBALS["var"];
?>
This also means that unsetting $var won't unset the global variable.
$this
In an object method, $this is always a reference to the caller object.